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Silent Movie Genres

      In the early twentieth century, close to twenty-six million people attended nickelodeons weekly.  Gross receipts totaled close to 100 million dollars yearly. The frequent movie watchers were immigrants, the working class, or the unemployed. The silent films could be understood by all; however, the middle and upper class did not attend the early film showing as they would not have been caught dead in the disreputable nickelodeons. During the silent picture era, movie studios produced three main categories of films. The western, slapstick comedy, and romance genres were used repeatedly during the early motion picture production.

      Western films were very popular due to a number of factors. First, directors of western films, such as John Ford and W.D. Griffith, went to great lengths to include footage of the surrounding land and its beauty when editing their films. The public was not as well traveled in the early years of this century, and it enjoyed watching films of places they had not been. A central theme of the western film was good versus evil. Frequently, the climax included a villain who had terrorized a town in a fight or shootout involving the sheriff or the "good guys." Men enjoyed westerns, as the stars in the movies were men they could identify with or emulate.

      Another category of the film story line was the slapstick comedy. Early on, film producers saw that poking fun at people involved in everyday life circumstances could be profitable. In the movie, The Kiss, the actor takes great care in smoothing out his voluminous mustache before planting his lips on his costar's cheek. Many times, the star of the comedy was involved in a man versus nature scenario. He might be seen running from an animal or trying to get out of the way of an avalanche. The harder he tried to overcome the situation, the worse the situation became. Other comedies revolved around chase scenes and people fighting over a particular object. Comics were quite physical and acrobatic and took great pride in trying to amuse the audience with their facial expressions.

      Romance films by far were the most popular due to several factors. Early women stars were perfect for bringing femininity to the big screen. Clara Bow, silent movie actress, portrayed much more than the girl next door. Bow's character liked men a lot, did not mind being kissed, and often exposed various parts of her anatomy in order to get the man. Before the moral codes of today's films, the director could specialize in eroticism and visual beauty to heighten the emotions of the audience. Romance films always had happy endings that left their viewers with feelings of optimism. Other films called cliffhangers ended before the boy-gets-girl scenario, asking the audience to return the following week to see its conclusion. This left the viewers contemplating the happy ending for its favorite stars. Romance films were and still are very popular on the wide screens.

      Silent films, unfortunately, are no longer made. Their success ended with the development of the radio. Viewers wanted to hear what the actors were saying; therefore, the film industry started production of talkies, though voiceless films were understood everywhere and were intelligible in all languages. Their themes were universal and common to all populations. Today's audience still just as easily understands the westerns, romances, and comedies of the past.

The Commanding Heights: Battle of Ideas

                                         

      For a long time now, our economy has been shaped and modified, based on the ideas of various public intellectuals-“intellectual heroes”, these people have been very influential in various country’s policies, a lot of them have been involved in debates and battles-which is inevitable, because human beings do not think the same way, hence; they have different views and ideas on things. 

      A major subject that has attracted a lot of idealist has been the issue of the World Economy. There has been a battle over the world economy for so long, which has resulted to bubbles and bust of the economy of different countries; a lot of countries have faced the problem of hyper-inflation, recession, etc.

     Two of the great economists of the twenty century were John Maynard Keyes and Friedrich August Hayek. They were friends, but intellectual rivals. Keynes helped allied governments to defend freedom by planning their wartime economics, his ideas affected the theory and practice of modern macro-economics. He advocated the use of fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depression. He believed that the market economics will go into excesses, so government can step in. On the other hand, Hayek thought that government interference in the economy was threat to freedom.

      Keynes went to Cambridge, and he was well-known in London for making a fortune in the stock market; lost it all, and then made it back. He advised the British government on how to organize its war economy. He later joined the British Peace Relegation in France at the end of WW1. In 1936, he showed governments how to manage economies to spend more in good economy and cut spending on bad economy. He helped to create the World Bank and the IMF.   Hayek joined the Libertarians, who believe that people needed to be free from government interventions; they believed that markets work, but the governments do not. He believed that central planning was the first step to a totalitarian state.

      Winston Churchill was opposed to government planning and later one-third of the world adopted Socialism, while others adopted Capitalism; this resulted into the Cold War. The war made the German economy to disintegrate, their currency became worthless. India also became an independent nation, and it had a good economy, which became a model for new independent nations.

       Some of the world leaders that were affected by these ideas were Richard Nixon, who was the President of the United States, during the 1971 inflation and Britain was also facing unemployment and inflation. He was a Keynesian. Another person was Margaret Thatcher, who attended oxford and had been deeply influenced after reading Hayek’s book, she later became Prime minister of Britain. Her government invented Privatization, it put the commanding heights of the British economy up for sale and two-third of state industries was sold to become private sectors. Jimmy Carter tried to follow Keynes formula, but it did not work. Ronald Reagan used Hayek’s theories and inflation was gone in 1982. His tax cuts led to huge deficits, but it later started to grow again.

     In conclusion, the battle of ideas has helped to shaped the modern economy, and helped to put in place, various policies, but in this time that the world is facing a different type of recession, this ideas have not in any way help to solve the problem at hand. It will take the ideas of a new set of idealist to end this recession.